Crypto (Cryptocurrency and Cryptography)

Crypto is a broad term that can refer to either cryptography or cryptocurrency, both of which are highly relevant in digital forensics.
Cryptography
The science of securing information through encoding techniques such as encryption and hashing. In digital forensics, cryptography is relevant in:
• Encrypted drives and secure messaging apps (e.g., Signal, ProtonMail)
• Password-protected files
• Forensic tool integrity (e.g., verifying file hashes using SHA-256)
Investigators must often bypass, or decrypt protected data using password cracking, brute-force attacks, or judicial cooperation.
Cryptocurrency
A digital currency that uses blockchain technology and cryptographic security. Popular cryptocurrencies include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Monero.
In forensics, cryptocurrency is investigated in cases involving:
• Money laundering
• Dark web transactions
• Ransomware payments
• Fraud and scams
Tools and techniques used in crypto forensics include blockchain explorers, transaction tracing software, wallet address analysis, and coordination with exchanges or financial institutions.